- Verb
- Definition: action or state of being
- Characteristics
- Tense (Time and Kind of action
(e.g. Past, Punctilliar )) (Kind (Aktionsart) is most important)
(Linear _________ / Perfective ._______ / Undefined . / Iterative …)- Present: progressive action right now. ( _____ )
- Descriptive (what is actually taking place now) __↓___
- Durative (started in past but continues now) __→___
- Iterative (…)
- Tendential →.
- Gnomic: Universal Truth ↔
- Historical .←
- Futuristic (Confident assertions about the future as if they are already happening now)
- Aoristic .
- Perfective (Present reality of something that came into being in the
past) .____→
- Imperfect
- Descriptive__↓___
- Durative __→___
- Iterative (…)
- Tendential→___ Something Attempted but not completed.
- Voluntative (Present wish or desire) _ _ _ _
- Inceptive ↓._______
- Future: (tense formative σ)
- Predictive
- Progressive
- Imperative (Command)
- Deliberative (Questions)
- Gnomic (universal truth)
- Aorist
- Constative ↓.←
- Ingressive →.
- Culminative .↓←
- Gnomic (universal truth)
- Epistolary (writer takes the viewpoint of the reader.)
- Dramatic (present reality with certainty of a past event)
- Futuristic (pictures an event which is so certain to happen it is described as complete.
- Perfect
- Intensive . _↓_↓ _↓
- Consummative .
- Iterative (…)
- Dramatic (brings a past event vividly into the present)
- Gnomic
- Aoristic .
- Pluperfect ._______|
- Intensive .___↓_____
- Consummative .←
- Present: progressive action right now. ( _____ )
- Voice: relationship of the subject to action (who’s acting on whom)
- Active: subject is acting
- Middle: Subject is acting with reference to
on, for or
by self. - Passive: subject is being acted upon
- Mood (mode): How Real is the Action?
- Indicative: confirms the reality of the action from the viewpoint of the
speaker. - Subjunctive: objectively possible
- Independent Clauses
- Hortatory: first person plural urging others to join. “Let us…”
- Prohibition: used with μή stops an action from starting.
- Deliberative (questions)
- Emphatic Negation uses οὐ̓ μη
- Subordinate Clauses
- Purpose Clauses (uses ἵνα ὅπως / μή ἵνα – μή ὅπως μήποτε,
μή πως) indicates purpose of the main verb. - Conditional Clauses (uses ἐάν, ἄν in the protasis of a third
class condition to express probable future condition.) - Result Clauses Indicates what has resulted from the action of the
main verb. ( ἵνα ) - Relative Clauses – relative pronoun plus ἄν or ἐάν.
- Comparative Clauses
- Indefinite Local Clauses where action is expected in the future.
- Temporal Clauses
- Concessive Clauses
- Substantival Clauses (as Subject, Predicate Nominative, Object, Appositive)
- Purpose Clauses (uses ἵνα ὅπως / μή ἵνα – μή ὅπως μήποτε,
- Independent Clauses
- Optative: subjectively possible.
- Independent Clauses
- Voluntative (expresses wish or prayer)
- Potential / Futuristic (Used with ἄν)/li>
- Deliberative (rhetorical question)
- Dependant Clauses
- only appears in conditional clauses in the NT.
- Uses εἰ with the optative in the protasis, ἄν with the optative in apodosis.
- Independent Clauses
- Imperative
- Independent Clauses
- Command
- Prohibition
- Entreaty
- Permission
- Condition
- Concession
- Dependant Clauses: rare use and occurs only in relative clauses.
- Independent Clauses
- Indicative: confirms the reality of the action from the viewpoint of the
- Person
- Number
- Tense (Time and Kind of action
- Character (Kinds) of Verbs
- Finite: limited to a subject
- Infinite:
- Transitive: incomplete predication (needs an object to make meaning clear)
- Intransitive: complete predication (make sense without an object)
- Linking: links subject to predicate. (I am…)
- Participle- A Verbal Adjective
- Attributive
- Predicative
- Substantival
- adverbial
- Temporal = Time
- Telic = purpose
- Causal
- Conditional = Protasis
- Concessive = unfavorable circumstance despite the verb’s action.
- Instrumental
- Modal = Manner in which the verb’s action takes place (he walked away being sad)
- Complementary = Completes the idea of the main verb
- Circumstantial = communicates an action which accompanies the action of the main verb.
- Imperatival participle = used like a finite verb in the imperative
- Verbal the participle is used as a verb.